In Alabama, this particular offense includes the illegal taking of one other’s property, exceeding a sure financial threshold however falling under the worth related to a first-degree cost. For instance, appropriating electronics, jewellery, or money valued between $500 and $2,500 might represent this class of offense, assuming the prosecution can show intent to completely deprive the proprietor of their property.
This classification performs a vital function in Alabama’s legal justice system. It permits for proportionate sentencing primarily based on the worth of the stolen items, reflecting the severity of the crime. This tiered strategy seeks to offer justice for victims whereas providing a structured framework for rehabilitation. Traditionally, such authorized distinctions have advanced alongside societal values and financial circumstances, adapting to altering perceptions of property rights and legal conduct.
Additional exploration of this topic will cowl the precise parts of the crime, potential defenses, sentencing tips, and the affect on victims and communities. Extra matters will embody how such legal guidelines relate to broader societal points like poverty, drug dependancy, and entry to sources.
1. Illegal Taking
Illegal taking types the inspiration of a theft of property cost within the second diploma in Alabama. This aspect signifies the unauthorized acquisition or management of one other individual’s property. With out an illegal taking, no theftregardless of the property’s worth or the perpetrator’s intentcan happen. The act itself have to be unauthorized. A essential distinction arises between borrowing with permission, even when later transformed to theft, and the preliminary act of taking with out consent. For instance, borrowing a automobile with the proprietor’s permission however then failing to return it constitutes a separate offense (unauthorized use) quite than the preliminary theft itself. Conversely, taking a automobile with out permission, even with the intention of returning it later, constitutes illegal taking.
The significance of illegal taking as a element of this offense can’t be overstated. Prosecutors should display this aspect past an inexpensive doubt. This necessitates proof demonstrating the property proprietor didn’t consent to the taking. Think about a state of affairs involving a misplaced pockets. If somebody finds and retains the pockets, believing it deserted, this may occasionally not qualify as illegal taking in the event that they genuinely did not understand it belonged to another person. Nonetheless, in the event that they see somebody drop the pockets after which choose it up with out returning it, this motion matches the definition. Sensible implications embody the necessity for clear proof chains and witness testimonies to ascertain illegal taking in authorized proceedings.
In abstract, establishing illegal taking is crucial for pursuing a second-degree theft of property cost in Alabama. This includes demonstrating unauthorized acquisition and management of property, distinguishing it from situations involving permitted borrowing or real errors. Challenges usually come up in proving intent and lack of consent, highlighting the necessity for thorough investigation and proof gathering. This requirement immediately impacts authorized proceedings, shaping protection methods and prosecution arguments, and finally influencing case outcomes.
2. Property Valuation ($500-$2,500)
In Alabama, the financial worth of stolen property performs a vital function in figuring out the diploma of the theft offense. This valuation, particularly between $500 and $2,500, distinguishes second-degree theft from different theft classifications, influencing potential penalties and authorized methods. Understanding this valuation course of is crucial for navigating the authorized panorama surrounding this offense.
-
Honest Market Worth
The authorized system usually depends on the honest market worth of the stolen merchandise to find out its price. This represents the value a keen purchaser would pay a keen vendor in a good transaction. For available items like electronics or jewellery, establishing honest market worth would possibly contain evaluating retail costs or assessing latest gross sales of comparable gadgets. Nonetheless, figuring out the worth of distinctive or vintage gadgets usually requires skilled appraisal. For instance, a stolen first-edition e-book would possibly necessitate an knowledgeable analysis to ascertain its market worth, whereas a mass-produced tv could possibly be valued primarily based on present retail listings.
-
Aggregation of A number of Gadgets
In instances involving the theft of a number of gadgets, their particular person values are aggregated to find out the general worth and the corresponding theft diploma. As an illustration, stealing a $300 telephone and a $300 laptop computer leads to a mixed worth of $600, probably elevating the cost to second-degree theft regardless of every merchandise individually falling under the $500 threshold. This aggregation precept emphasizes the cumulative affect of theft, no matter whether or not gadgets are stolen concurrently or over a interval.
-
Influence on Sentencing and Authorized Technique
The $500-$2,500 valuation vary immediately impacts potential sentences. Second-degree theft, falling inside this vary, carries completely different penalties than first or third-degree theft. This distinction influences plea bargaining methods and protection approaches. For instance, a protection lawyer would possibly try to display the honest market worth of stolen items falls under $500 to cut back the cost to a lesser offense. Conversely, the prosecution would search to show the worth exceeds $500 to safe a second-degree conviction.
-
Challenges and Disputes
Disputes about an gadgets worth can come up. Sentimental worth, whereas important to the proprietor, doesn’t issue into authorized valuation. A worn household heirloom would possibly maintain immense private worth however possess minimal market worth. This distinction can result in discrepancies between an proprietor’s perceived loss and the authorized classification of the theft. Resolving such discrepancies requires clear authorized steering and, in some instances, knowledgeable testimony to ascertain honest market worth objectively.
The valuation of stolen property in Alabama serves as a essential element in classifying theft offenses, influencing authorized methods, sentencing selections, and general case outcomes. Precisely figuring out honest market worth, contemplating the aggregation of a number of gadgets, and navigating potential disputes are essential facets of this course of. This nuanced strategy ensures the authorized system addresses the severity of theft proportionally and justly, contemplating each the tangible and intangible impacts of property loss.
3. Intent to Deprive
A essential aspect of theft of property within the second diploma in Alabama is the “intent to deprive.” This authorized idea refers back to the psychological state of the accused on the time of the taking. It signifies a aware determination to completely or indefinitely withhold the property from its rightful proprietor. With out this intent, the act could represent a unique offense, corresponding to borrowing or non permanent misuse, however not theft. Trigger and impact are immediately linked: the intent to deprive drives the act of theft, reworking what would possibly in any other case be a short lived misappropriation right into a legal offense.
The significance of “intent to deprive” as a element of this offense can’t be overstated. It distinguishes theft from different property-related offenses. For instance, borrowing a neighbor’s lawnmower with out permission, meaning to return it later that day, doesn’t display intent to deprive. Conversely, promoting or discarding the lawnmower demonstrates an intent to completely stop the proprietor from regaining possession. Actual-life examples additional illustrate this idea: discovering a misplaced pockets and instantly contacting the proprietor to return it suggests a scarcity of intent to deprive. Nonetheless, holding the pockets and utilizing the money inside demonstrates intent to deprive the proprietor of their funds. Sensible significance lies within the burden of proof. Prosecutors should set up intent to deprive past an inexpensive doubt, usually counting on circumstantial proof just like the defendant’s actions after taking the property.
Establishing intent to deprive poses challenges. Direct proof, corresponding to a written confession, is uncommon. Prosecutors usually depend on circumstantial proof, such because the size of time the property was withheld, the defendant’s actions concerning the property (promoting, pawning, or discarding), and witness testimonies. This reliance on circumstantial proof introduces complexity into authorized proceedings. Defendants could argue their actions didn’t replicate an intent to completely deprive, however quite a short lived misuse or a misunderstanding. This necessitates cautious consideration of all proof and circumstances surrounding the alleged theft. Understanding “intent to deprive” is crucial for constructing a sturdy case for prosecution and for mounting an efficient protection. It immediately impacts the authorized classification of property crimes, distinguishing theft from different offenses. The challenges inherent in proving intent spotlight the intricacies of legal legislation and the essential function of proof and authorized argument in reaching simply outcomes.
4. Proprietor’s Loss
Proprietor’s loss types a elementary element of theft of property within the second diploma in Alabama. This idea facilities on the demonstrable hurt suffered by the rightful proprietor as a result of illegal taking of their property. Establishing this loss is crucial for profitable prosecution; with out it, the act, although probably illegal, doesn’t meet the total standards for this particular cost. Trigger and impact are immediately linked: the illegal taking immediately leads to the proprietor’s loss, forming the core of the offense. The importance of “proprietor’s loss” lies in its demonstration of tangible hurt. Whereas the intent to deprive focuses on the perpetrator’s psychological state, the proprietor’s loss emphasizes the concrete affect of the crime.
Think about the instance of a stolen automobile. The proprietor’s loss encompasses not solely the automobile itself but in addition the consequential damages. These would possibly embody the price of non permanent transportation, misplaced wages as a consequence of missed work, and potential emotional misery. One other instance includes the theft of enterprise gear. The proprietor’s loss extends past the gear’s worth to incorporate misplaced enterprise income as a consequence of operational disruptions. The sensible significance of understanding “proprietor’s loss” lies in its implications for restitution. Courts contemplate the extent of the proprietor’s loss when figuring out applicable restitution quantities. This emphasizes the authorized system’s concentrate on compensating victims for his or her tangible losses ensuing from the theft.
Demonstrating proprietor’s loss in authorized proceedings usually requires detailed documentation. This would possibly embody receipts, invoices, insurance coverage claims, and testimony concerning the affect of the loss on the proprietor’s life or enterprise. Challenges can come up in quantifying sure losses, corresponding to emotional misery or reputational injury. Whereas these losses are actual, assigning a financial worth could be complicated and require knowledgeable testimony or psychological evaluations. Addressing these challenges is crucial for making certain honest and simply outcomes, balancing the necessity to maintain perpetrators accountable with the necessity to present satisfactory compensation to victims. The idea of “proprietor’s loss” immediately connects the act of theft to its tangible penalties, reinforcing the gravity of the offense. Understanding this aspect is essential for profitable prosecution, honest sentencing, and applicable sufferer restitution. The complexities surrounding demonstrating and quantifying loss underscore the intricacies of the authorized course of and the necessity for thorough investigation and proof presentation.
5. Potential Penalties
Potential penalties for theft of property within the second diploma in Alabama symbolize a vital side of the state’s legal justice system. These penalties purpose to discourage legal exercise, maintain offenders accountable, and supply a framework for rehabilitation. Understanding these potential penalties is crucial for comprehending the gravity of the offense and its implications for these concerned.
-
Incarceration
A conviction can result in a jail sentence starting from two to twenty years. The precise size of incarceration will depend on numerous elements, together with the defendant’s legal historical past, the circumstances of the theft, and the choose’s discretion. As an illustration, a repeat offender would possibly obtain a harsher sentence than a first-time offender. Equally, a theft involving a weapon or risk of violence would possibly end in an extended sentence in comparison with a non-violent theft. The potential for important jail time underscores the seriousness of this felony offense.
-
Fines
Substantial fines can accompany incarceration. Alabama legislation permits for fines as much as $10,000 in second-degree theft instances. The choose determines the exact quantity, contemplating the defendant’s monetary scenario and the precise particulars of the crime. For instance, a theft involving a high-value merchandise would possibly end in a bigger fantastic than a theft involving a lower-value merchandise. The potential for substantial monetary penalties provides one other layer of consequence to this offense.
-
Restitution
Courts usually order restitution as a part of the sentencing. Restitution requires the offender to compensate the sufferer for his or her monetary losses immediately ensuing from the theft. This would possibly embody the honest market worth of the stolen property, restore prices, or different associated bills incurred by the sufferer. As an illustration, if a stolen automobile was broken, the offender is likely to be ordered to pay for the repairs along with the automobile’s worth. Restitution goals to make the sufferer complete, no less than financially, following the crime.
-
Probation and Parole
Following incarceration, offenders would possibly face a interval of probation or parole. These types of supervised launch impose particular circumstances on the offender, corresponding to common reporting to a probation officer, substance abuse therapy, or restrictions on journey or affiliation. Violation of those circumstances can result in revocation of probation or parole and a return to incarceration. Probation and parole function mechanisms for reintegrating offenders into society whereas making certain continued monitoring and accountability.
The potential penalties for theft of property within the second diploma in Alabama are substantial, reflecting the severity of the crime. The mixture of incarceration, fines, restitution, and potential probation or parole goals to discourage future legal exercise, present justice for victims, and provide alternatives for rehabilitation. Understanding these penalties is essential for anybody dealing with such prices, highlighting the necessity for competent authorized illustration and a complete protection technique.
6. Defenses
Defenses in opposition to prices of theft of property within the second diploma in Alabama symbolize essential authorized methods employed to problem the prosecution’s case. These defenses purpose to lift cheap doubt concerning a number of parts of the offense, probably resulting in acquittal or a discount in prices. The cause-and-effect relationship between the alleged offense and the out there defenses is direct: the precise circumstances of the alleged theft inform the viable protection methods. The significance of defenses as a element of this authorized course of can’t be overstated; they safeguard particular person rights and guarantee a good trial.
A number of frequent defenses exist: One would possibly contain difficult the “illegal taking” aspect. A defendant might argue they mistakenly believed they’d permission to take the property or that the taking was unintentional. For instance, somebody accused of stealing a bicycle would possibly argue they mistakenly believed it was their very own similar-looking bicycle. One other protection technique focuses on difficult “intent to deprive.” A defendant might argue they meant to return the property however have been prevented from doing so by circumstances past their management. For instance, somebody accused of stealing a automobile would possibly argue they meant to return it after borrowing it for an emergency however have been apprehended earlier than they may achieve this. A 3rd protection technique includes difficult the property valuation. A defendant would possibly current proof demonstrating the honest market worth of the stolen property falls under the $500 threshold for second-degree theft, in search of a discount to a lesser cost. For instance, an vintage appraised at $600 is likely to be re-appraised by a unique knowledgeable at $450, probably lowering the cost. These examples illustrate the sensible significance of understanding out there defenses; they will considerably affect case outcomes.
Lack of proof or a flawed investigation affords additional protection avenues. If the prosecution fails to show each aspect of the offense past an inexpensive doubt, the defendant could also be acquitted. As an illustration, if the prosecution can’t set up “intent to deprive,” a conviction for theft can’t stand, even when the opposite parts are confirmed. The complexity of constructing a profitable protection highlights the significance of expert authorized illustration. Attorneys specializing in legal protection perceive the nuances of those defenses and might successfully current them in courtroom. Presenting a sturdy protection requires meticulous investigation, proof gathering, and persuasive authorized argument, making certain the defendant’s rights are protected all through the authorized course of. Understanding out there defenses in second-degree theft instances is crucial not just for authorized professionals but in addition for people dealing with such prices. This information empowers knowledgeable decision-making, facilitating collaboration with authorized counsel to develop the simplest protection technique. This understanding additional contributes to the broader aim of making certain equity and justice throughout the legal justice system.
7. Restitution
Restitution performs a significant function in instances involving theft of property within the second diploma in Alabama. It represents the authorized mechanism by which victims of theft are compensated for his or her monetary losses as a result of legal act. This compensation, ordered by the courtroom, immediately addresses the hurt brought on by the theft, making a direct hyperlink between the offense and its monetary penalties. The significance of restitution lies in its concentrate on making the sufferer “complete” financially, acknowledging the tangible affect of the crime past the summary authorized rules. This concentrate on sufferer compensation reinforces the legal justice system’s dedication to addressing not solely the crime itself but in addition its real-world results.
Think about a state of affairs the place enterprise gear valued at $1,000 is stolen. Restitution on this case would probably require the offender to reimburse the enterprise proprietor the total $1,000, representing the direct monetary loss ensuing from the theft. In one other instance, if somebody’s automobile is stolen and later recovered broken, restitution would possibly cowl each the automobile’s diminished worth as a result of injury and any bills incurred by the proprietor for non permanent transportation. These real-life examples illustrate how restitution immediately addresses the sufferer’s monetary burdens ensuing from the theft. The sensible significance of understanding restitution lies in its affect on sentencing and plea bargaining. Judges usually contemplate a defendant’s willingness and skill to pay restitution when figuring out an applicable sentence. Prosecutors might also issue restitution into plea negotiations, providing diminished prices or sentences in alternate for a defendant’s settlement to pay full restitution to the sufferer. This sensible side underscores the significance of restitution as a instrument for each reaching justice for victims and influencing authorized proceedings.
Challenges can come up in restitution instances, significantly when figuring out the exact quantity owed. Disputes could happen concerning the honest market worth of stolen property, the extent of consequential damages, or the offender’s potential to pay. Resolving these disputes usually requires cautious consideration of proof, knowledgeable value determinations, and the sufferer’s documented losses. Moreover, imposing restitution orders could be troublesome, significantly if the offender lacks adequate monetary sources. These challenges spotlight the complexities related to restitution in apply, emphasizing the necessity for efficient authorized mechanisms to make sure victims obtain the compensation they’re due. Regardless of these challenges, restitution stays a cornerstone of the authorized response to theft of property within the second diploma in Alabama. It serves as a tangible measure of justice, immediately addressing the monetary hurt suffered by victims whereas additionally influencing authorized proceedings and selling offender accountability. Understanding the function and complexities of restitution is crucial for victims, defendants, authorized professionals, and anybody concerned within the legal justice system. It reinforces the significance of balancing authorized rules with sensible concerns to realize equitable outcomes in theft instances.
8. Influence on Victims
Theft of property, even on the second-degree stage, carries important penalties for victims, extending past the speedy monetary loss. Understanding these impacts is essential for offering applicable assist and sources to these affected and for crafting efficient crime prevention methods. The next aspects discover the multifaceted methods by which victims are impacted.
-
Monetary Repercussions
Essentially the most direct affect is commonly monetary. The lack of property valued between $500 and $2,500, as outlined in second-degree theft, can create important monetary pressure. Changing stolen gadgets, significantly important gadgets like laptops, telephones, or instruments, requires speedy expenditure. If insurance coverage does not cowl the total alternative worth, victims bear the remaining prices. This monetary burden can disrupt private budgets, drive victims to tackle debt, and create long-term monetary instability.
-
Emotional and Psychological Misery
Past the monetary affect, victims usually expertise emotional and psychological misery. The violation of private property can create emotions of insecurity, vulnerability, and anger. Victims would possibly battle with nervousness, sleep disturbances, and problem concentrating. The sense of private violation could be significantly acute if the stolen gadgets maintain sentimental worth, corresponding to household heirlooms or private mementos. This emotional toll can considerably affect victims’ well-being and require skilled assist.
-
Disruption of Every day Life
Theft can considerably disrupt victims’ every day routines and actions. The lack of important gadgets, corresponding to a automobile or work instruments, can impede work productiveness, restrict mobility, and disrupt household schedules. Victims would possibly must take time without work work to file police experiences, take care of insurance coverage firms, and substitute stolen gadgets. This disruption can ripple by way of numerous facets of victims’ lives, creating stress and inconvenience.
-
Erosion of Belief and Sense of Safety
Theft can erode victims’ belief in others and diminish their sense of safety. Victims would possibly grow to be extra cautious of strangers, query their judgment, and really feel much less protected of their houses or communities. This erosion of belief can affect private relationships, group engagement, and general high quality of life. Rebuilding belief and regaining a way of safety generally is a lengthy and difficult course of.
These multifaceted impacts underscore the seriousness of theft of property within the second diploma, emphasizing that its penalties lengthen far past the mere financial worth of the stolen items. Recognizing these impacts is essential for growing complete responses to theft, together with offering satisfactory assist and sources to victims, implementing efficient crime prevention methods, and selling community-based initiatives to boost security and safety. Addressing the total spectrum of sufferer impacts contributes to a extra simply and equitable authorized system, selling therapeutic and restoration for these affected by theft.
Often Requested Questions
This part addresses frequent inquiries concerning theft of property within the second diploma in Alabama, offering concise and informative responses.
Query 1: What distinguishes second-degree theft from different theft classifications in Alabama?
The first differentiator is the worth of the stolen property. Second-degree theft includes property valued between $500 and $2,500. Theft of property valued lower than $500 constitutes third-degree theft, whereas property valued over $2,500 constitutes first-degree theft, every carrying completely different penalties.
Query 2: If somebody finds misplaced property and retains it, is that thought-about theft?
Whether or not discovering and holding misplaced property constitutes theft hinges on the person’s intent. If somebody moderately believes the property is deserted and makes no effort to find the proprietor, it may not be thought-about theft. Nonetheless, if somebody acknowledges the property belongs to a different and deliberately retains it, this might represent theft, significantly in the event that they make efforts to hide the discovering.
Query 3: What penalties would possibly one face if convicted of second-degree theft in Alabama?
Potential penalties embody imprisonment for 2 to twenty years and fines as much as $10,000. Sentencing considers elements like legal historical past and the precise circumstances of the theft. Restitution to the sufferer can be ceaselessly ordered.
Query 4: What defenses can be found in opposition to prices of second-degree theft?
Frequent defenses embody difficult the prosecution’s proof concerning intent to deprive, arguing a scarcity of illegal taking (e.g., mistaken perception of permission), or disputing the valuation of the stolen property. A talented lawyer can assess the precise details of the case and decide essentially the most applicable protection technique.
Query 5: How is the worth of stolen property decided in these instances?
Courts usually depend on the honest market worth of the property on the time of the theft. This represents the value a keen purchaser would pay a keen vendor in a good transaction. Skilled value determinations is likely to be crucial for distinctive or vintage gadgets.
Query 6: What if a number of gadgets are stolen on the similar time? How is their worth assessed?
The values of a number of stolen gadgets are aggregated to find out the general worth and the corresponding diploma of theft. Even when every particular person merchandise’s worth falls under the $500 threshold for second-degree theft, their mixed worth might elevate the cost if it exceeds that threshold.
Understanding these key facets of second-degree theft of property in Alabama is essential for navigating the authorized complexities and implications of such prices. Consulting with an skilled lawyer stays important for anybody dealing with these allegations.
Additional sections will delve into particular case examples, discover the broader societal affect of property crime, and focus on methods for safeguarding oneself from turning into a sufferer of theft.
Defending Property
The next suggestions provide sensible methods for safeguarding property and mitigating the danger of theft.
Tip 1: Safe Premises: Strong safety measures deter potential thieves. Reinforce doorways and home windows with robust locks and contemplate putting in an alarm system. Exterior lighting illuminates weak areas and discourages unauthorized entry. Seen safety cameras, even when inactive, can act as a deterrent. For instance, reinforcing a sliding glass door with a vertical bar prevents straightforward entry, whereas motion-activated lighting deters nighttime prowlers.
Tip 2: Stock Valuables: Sustaining an in depth stock of worthwhile possessions aids in restoration efforts and insurance coverage claims if theft happens. {Photograph} or video document gadgets, noting serial numbers and distinguishing options. Retailer this stock in a safe location separate from the property itself, corresponding to a protected deposit field or safe cloud storage. This documentation proves invaluable when reporting stolen gadgets to legislation enforcement or insurance coverage suppliers.
Tip 3: Be Discreet with Purchases: Keep away from overtly displaying newly bought gadgets, particularly high-value electronics or jewellery. Eliminate packaging discreetly, as discarded containers promote latest acquisitions to potential thieves. Ready to unveil new purchases till safely inside the house reduces the danger of attracting undesirable consideration.
Tip 4: Safeguard Autos: By no means depart automobiles unlocked, even for temporary intervals. Park in well-lit areas and keep away from leaving valuables seen contained in the automobile. Think about putting in a automobile alarm or steering wheel lock as extra deterrents. These easy precautions considerably scale back the probability of car theft or break-ins.
Tip 5: Be Conscious of Environment: Sustaining situational consciousness helps determine potential threats. Be conscious of people loitering close to houses or companies. Report suspicious exercise to legislation enforcement promptly. Trusting one’s instincts and remaining vigilant contributes to non-public security and property safety.
Tip 6: Have interaction with the Group: Lively participation in neighborhood watch packages fosters a way of group and shared duty for safety. Speaking with neighbors about suspicious exercise helps create a community of vigilance, deterring potential criminals. Constructing robust group connections enhances general security and safety.
Tip 7: Evaluation Insurance coverage Protection: Usually assessment house owner’s or renter’s insurance coverage insurance policies to make sure satisfactory protection for private property. Perceive coverage limits, deductibles, and procedures for submitting claims in case of theft. Having adequate insurance coverage protection affords monetary safety and peace of thoughts.
Implementing these proactive measures strengthens property safety, lowering vulnerability to theft. Whereas the following pointers can’t assure full safety, they considerably improve safeguards and promote a safer atmosphere.
This dialogue concludes by emphasizing the significance of vigilance and group engagement in stopping theft. By working collectively and taking proactive steps, people can create safer environments and shield their property.
Theft of Property 2nd Diploma Alabama
This exploration has supplied a complete overview of theft of property within the second diploma inside Alabama’s authorized framework. Key facets mentioned embody the precise parts defining the offenseunlawful taking, property valuation between $500 and $2,500, and intent to deprivealongside potential penalties, out there defenses, the essential function of restitution, and the wide-ranging affect on victims. Understanding these parts is essential for navigating the authorized complexities related to this cost, whether or not from the angle of legislation enforcement, authorized professionals, potential jurors, or involved residents.
Theft of property within the second diploma represents a critical offense with lasting penalties. Continued public consciousness of this crime, coupled with proactive measures to safeguard private property and strengthen group safety, stays important. Additional analysis and evaluation of crime statistics, sentencing disparities, and the effectiveness of present authorized frameworks can contribute to a extra simply and equitable authorized system whereas minimizing the incidence and affect of this crime inside Alabama communities.
